TOD advocates the maximization of urban developments around public transport nodes and the creation of communities with diverse land use, moderate to high density, and walkable environment (Bertolini and Spit, 1998 Dittmar and Ohland, 2004). Whilst scholars have proposed a diversity of definitions (Boarnet and Crane, 1997 Cervero, 2004 Parker et al., 2002), the planning for TOD in nature attempts to achieve cohesive territories and to promote walking, cycling, and using public transit instead of driving private cars (Vale, 2015 Wey et al., 2016). One common recommendation is the integration of transport system with land use (Banister, 2008 Cervero, 2004 Pan et al., 2011 Suzuki et al., 2013), with Transit Oriented Development (TOD) as a typical term (Cervero, 1998a,b Nasri and Zhang, 2014 Schlossberg and Brown, 2004). This study produces some generalized knowledge that are useful for implementing TOD practice within land use planning.ĭuring the recent past, academic and professional circles have shown considerate interest towards the planning strategies that can help mitigate the adverse consequences of accelerating urban growth and mobility (Lyu et al., 2016 Wey et al., 2016). All the methods demonstrated in this study are easy to perform and can be widely applied to the assessment of TOD typologies worldwide. Based on the evaluation, we put forward an optimization plan for the areas with low TOD index values, which are consistent with the planned lines under construction. Four typologies are identified among TODs, including the Integrated (all high node, tie and place index value), the Functionally place-developed (low node index value and high tie and place index value), the Morphologically node-developed (high node index value and low tie and place index value) and the Dispersed (all low node, tie and place index value). We find that the TOD index value declines from the urban center to the outskirts of the city obviously. Fuzzy AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) is used to construct the indicators system of each dimension (node, tie and place) in the model and typology among TODs is divided by SOM (self-organizing map). The model is applied to the case of Shanghai, China.

This paper extends the classic ‘node (transport) – place (land use)’ model by incorporating the oriented characteristics that represent the morphological and functional ties between transport and land use. To accrue a better overall leverage of the benefits arising from TOD practice, it is necessary to explore the variations and typology among TODs.

Transit Oriented Development (TOD), the integration of transport system with land use, has gained considerate priorities in planning strategies towards urban sustainability.

Transport orientated development